Thymulin RX

REFERENCES // THE SOURCE STACK

Thymulin references: the cited studies

Every number on this site traces to one of these. Journals, years, DOIs, and PubMed links — the receipts.

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How to read these thymulin references

These are the thymulin references behind every cited claim on this site — peer-reviewed studies and reviews, listed with journal, year, DOI where available, and a PubMed link. The list leans heavily on primary research: Dardenne's 1982 zinc-activation work that named thymulin [1], the Dardenne and Pleau zinc-thymulin mechanism review [2], Prasad's 1988 human zinc-deficiency study [3], the Reggiani neuroendocrine and gene-therapy reviews [4][5], Novoselova's 2014 NF-kB anti-inflammatory study [6], da Silva's 2020 inhaled asthma-reversal result [7], and the pulmonary and protective-model work [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].

A note on evidence quality: most of this record is preclinical (cell and animal models), and the human data are sparse and dated, with several historical human studies using a synthetic analog (nonathymulin) rather than native thymulin [4]. Read the numbers as model findings, attached to their species and route. The full reference register follows.

  1. Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. ↗
  2. Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. ↗
  3. Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. ↗
  4. Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. ↗
  5. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  6. Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. ↗
  7. da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. ↗
  8. Henriques-Coelho T, Oliveira SM, Moura RS, Roncon-Albuquerque R Jr, Neves AL, Santos M, Nogueira-Silva C, Leite-Moreira AF. Thymulin inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension modulating interleukin-6 expression and suppressing p38 pathway. Endocrinology. 2008;149(9):4367-73. ↗
  9. Santos M, Henriques-Coelho T, Leite-Moreira A. Immunomodulatory role of thymulin in lung diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2010;14(2):131-41. ↗
  10. da Silva AL, Martini SV, Abreu SC, Samary Cdos S, Diaz BL, Fernezlian S, de Sá VK, Capelozzi VL. DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy prevents airway remodeling in experimental allergic asthma. J Control Release. 2014;180:125-33. ↗
  11. Saitoh N, Awaya A, Sakudo A, Sung-Wook S, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T. Serum thymic factor prevents LPS-induced pancreatic cell damage in mice via up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreas. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(9):629-38. ↗
  12. Mizutani M, El-Fotoh M, Mori M, Ono K, Doi K, Awaya A, Matsumoto Y, Matsumoto Y. In vivo administration of serum thymic factor (FTS) prevents EMC-D virus-induced diabetes and myocarditis in BALB/cAJcl mice. Arch Virol. 1996;141(1):73-83. ↗
  13. Oliver MA, Marsh JA. In vivo thymulin treatments enhance avian lung natural killer cell cytotoxicity in response to infectious bronchitis virus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3(1):107-13. ↗
  14. Kobayashi H, Abe H, Ueyama T, Awaya A, Shikita M. Radioprotective effects of serum thymic factor in mice. Radiat Res. 1992;129(3):351-6. ↗
  15. Wise T, Ford JJ. Effects of the thymic peptide thymulin on in vitro and in vivo testicular steroid concentrations in white composite and Meishan boars. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(8):2240-51. ↗